Isis

𓊨𓏏𓐰𓆇𓁐

Ringkasan

Isis adalah dewi Mesir kuno, istri Osiris dan ibu Horus, yang dikenal karena kuasa sihirnya dan perlindungannya, dan pemujaannya menyebar ke dunia Yunani-Romawi.

Isis is an ancient Egyptian goddess, wife of Osiris and mother of Horus, known for her magical power and protection, whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world.

Kisah dan tradisi

Isis adalah dewi Mesir kuno yang menjadi paling populer dan paling lestari di antara dewa-dewa Mesir. Ia istri Osiris dan ibu Horus, sehingga secara simbolis menjadi ibu bagi firaun. Namanya pertama tercatat dalam Teks Piramida dari Dinasti Kelima. Kultusnya bermula di Delta Nil, dengan tempat suci terpenting di Behbeit El-Hagar, lalu menyebar ke seluruh Mesir. Dalam mitos Osiris, Set iri kepada saudaranya dan membuat peti mati seukuran tubuh Osiris. Isis mencari suaminya ke seluruh Mesir, membawa jasadnya kembali, lalu menghidupkannya; dalam wujud kite, sejenis elang, ia terbang mengelilinginya dan mengandung Horus. Osiris kemudian mundur ke alam baka sebagai Penguasa dan Hakim Orang Mati, sementara Isis menyembunyikan Horus di rawa-rawa sampai dewasa. Horus kemudian melawan Set demi menguasai dunia. Isis dikenal karena sihirnya. Kuasa sihirnya konon melampaui semua dewa lain, dan ia dikatakan mengatur alam serta berkuasa atas takdir; ia juga disebut Weret-Kekau, "Sihir Agung". Dalam sebuah mantra ia membuat Ra sakit dengan gigitan ular dan menawarkan penyembuhan jika Ra mengungkapkan nama rahasianya. Dalam kisah Isis dan Tujuh Kalajengking, ia menyembuhkan seorang anak dengan memanggil nama rahasia para kalajengking dan melafalkan mantra sihir agung. Bantuan keibuannya juga dipanggil dalam mantra penyembuhan bagi orang biasa. Ketika Aleksander Agung menaklukkan Mesir pada 331 SM, pasukannya mengaitkan Isis dengan Demeter. Di Roma pemujaannya dikukuhkan pada masa Caligula, dan kuil Isis ditemukan antara lain di Pompeii dan Londinium. Dalam karya Apuleius (terjemahan Adlington), sang dewi menyebut dirinya ibu alami segala sesuatu dan Ratu Langit, dan menyatakan bahwa orang Mesir menyebutnya Ratu Isis. Kuil Isis di Philae tetap menjadi tempat ziarah hingga ditutup oleh kaisar Justinian pada 529 M. Seiring waktu Isis menjadi begitu populer sehingga semua dewa dianggap sekadar aspek Isis, dan ia satu-satunya dewa Mesir yang dipuja semua orang. Bersama suami dan putranya ia menggantikan Triad Thebes yang berisi Amon, Mut, dan Khons. Kultusnya tumbuh menjadi agama misteri yang menjanjikan rahasia hidup dan mati kepada para peserta inisiasi, ia dikaitkan dengan laut sebagai pelindung pelaut dan pedagang, dan orang Yunani serta Romawi memuliakannya sebagai dewa tertinggi pencipta dunia.

Isis is an ancient Egyptian goddess who rose to be the most popular and long-lasting of the Egyptian deities. She is the wife of Osiris and the mother of Horus, and so symbolically the mother of the pharaoh. Her name is first attested in the Pyramid Texts of the Fifth Dynasty. Her cult began in the Nile Delta, with its most important sanctuary at Behbeit El-Hagar, and spread to all parts of Egypt. In the myth of Osiris, Set was jealous of his brother and had a coffin made to Osiris's exact height. Isis searched all through Egypt for her husband, brought his body back, and revived him; in the form of a kite, a kind of falcon, she flew around him and became pregnant with Horus. Osiris then withdrew to the afterlife as Lord and Judge of the Dead, while Isis hid Horus in the swamps until he was grown. Horus then battled Set for control of the world. Isis was known for her magic. Her magic was reputed to surpass that of every other god, and she was said to rule the natural world and hold sway over fate; she was also called Weret-Kekau, "the Great Magic". In one spell she makes Ra ill with a snake's bite and offers to cure him if he reveals his secret name. In the story of Isis and the Seven Scorpions she heals a child by calling the scorpions by their secret names and reciting spells of great magic. Her maternal aid was also invoked in healing spells for ordinary people. When Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 331 BCE his troops associated Isis with Demeter. In Rome her worship was firmly established under Caligula, and temples of Isis have been found at Pompeii and Londinium, among other places. In Apuleius's work (Adlington's translation) the goddess calls herself the natural mother of all things and Queen of heaven, and says the Egyptians call her Queen Isis. Her temple at Philae remained a pilgrimage site until the emperor Justinian closed it in 529 CE. Over time Isis grew so popular that all gods were regarded as mere aspects of her, and she was the one Egyptian deity worshipped by everyone. With her husband and son she replaced the Theban Triad of Amon, Mut, and Khons. Her cult developed into a mystery cult that offered initiates knowledge of life and death, she became linked with the sea as protector of sailors and merchants, and Greeks and Romans honoured her as the supreme deity who created the world.

Konteks budaya

Menurut World History Encyclopedia, Isis menjadi dewi seluruh rakyat Mesir, laki-laki dan perempuan, bangsawan dan rakyat biasa, dan ia biasanya digambarkan sebagai ibu, istri, dan pelindung yang mengutamakan kepentingan orang lain. Dalam sebuah patung kecil, ia tampil menyusui Horus, dan patung-patung seperti itu menonjolkan perannya sebagai pemberi kehidupan dan pelindung.

According to World History Encyclopedia, Isis was embraced as goddess by every Egyptian, men and women, royal and ordinary, and is regularly portrayed as a mother, wife, and protectress who puts others' interests first. A statuette shows her nursing Horus, and such statuettes emphasize her role as life-giver and protector.

Fakta utama

Budaya / Culture: Mitologi Mesir Kuno
Kawasan / Region: Afrika
Era: Her name is first attested in the Fifth Dynasty (c. 2494-2345 BCE); her worship continued until Philae was closed in 529 CE
Klasifikasi / Classification: Deity
Kemampuan / Abilities: Sihir agung, Mengetahui nama rahasia, Penyembuhan, Perubahan wujud, Menghidupkan kembali orang mati, Kuasa atas unsur, menurut Apuleius, Atribut dan lambang

Nama lain / Alternate names

Eset, ꜣst, Weret-Kekau, Mut-Netjer, Sati, Ankhet

Tahukah kamu? / Did you know?

Kuil Isis di Philae tetap menjadi tempat ziarah aktif selama ribuan tahun sampai ditutup pada abad ke-6 M oleh kaisar Kristen Justinian.

Isis's temple at Philae remained an active pilgrimage site for thousands of years until the Christian emperor Justinian closed it in the 6th century CE.