Hera

Ἥρα

Ringkasan

Hera adalah dewi perkawinan, perempuan, dan keluarga dalam agama Yunani kuno, serta ratu para dewa Olimpus dan istri sekaligus saudari Zeus.

Hera is the goddess of marriage, women, and family in ancient Greek religion, queen of the Olympian gods, and the sister and wife of Zeus.

Kisah dan tradisi

Hera adalah dewi perkawinan, perempuan, dan keluarga dalam agama Yunani kuno, dan dalam mitologi ia menjadi ratu di antara dua belas dewa Olimpus serta saudari dan istri Zeus. Menurut entri kamus yang dimuat Theoi, Hera adalah satu-satunya dewi Olimpus yang benar-benar menikah, sehingga ia dewi perkawinan dan kelahiran anak. Dalam seni ia digambarkan sebagai sosok berwibawa yang duduk di singgasana atau berdiri, bermahkota, memegang tongkat kerajaan atau delima, dan hewan sucinya mencakup sapi, burung kukuk, dan merak. Hera adalah putri Cronus dan Rhea, dan saudari Hestia, Demeter, Hades, Poseidon, serta Zeus. Dalam Iliad 4 ia menyebut dirinya putri Cronus yang paling dihormati. Bersama Zeus ia menjadi ibu Ares, Hebe, dan Eileithyia. Menurut Theoi ia melahirkan Hephaistos seorang diri lalu melemparkannya dari surga karena lahir cacat, sedangkan World History Encyclopedia mencatat versi lain, bahwa Zeus yang melemparkannya karena kepincangannya. Mitos tentang Hera banyak berkisar pada perkawinannya dengan Zeus. Menurut Theoi, Zeus merayunya dengan menyamar sebagai burung kukuk. World History Encyclopedia menyebut Hera setia kepada Zeus tetapi terkenal cemburu dan pendendam terhadap kekasih suaminya dan anak-anak mereka. Entri kamus yang dimuat Theoi mencatat wataknya menurut Homer ditandai cemburu, keras kepala, dan suka bertengkar, bahwa ia jauh lebih rendah daripada Zeus dalam kekuasaan, dan bahkan pernah digantung Zeus di awan. Hera dikisahkan menghukum para kekasih Zeus dan anak-anak mereka: Leto, Semele, dan Alkmene dianiaya; Io menjadi sasaran seekor lalat pengganggu; dan Hercules ditimpa ular, kegilaan, serta dua belas pekerjaan. Ia juga membuat Tiresias buta, dan Ixion dihukum dengan roda berapi karena mencoba menodainya. Di sisi lain, ia membantu Jason dan para Argonaut, dan dalam perang Troya ia berpihak pada bangsa Akhaia karena dendam kepada Paris. Pemujaan Hera berpusat di Argos, yang memiliki tempat suci untuknya sejak pertengahan abad ke-8 SM menurut World History Encyclopedia. Dalam Iliad, Hera menyebut Argos, Sparta, dan Mycenae sebagai tiga kota yang paling disayanginya. Ia juga dipuja di Olympia, Tiryns, dan Samos, dan di seluruh Yunani diadakan perlombaan perempuan Heraia serta festival pernikahan tahunan. Padanannya dalam tradisi Romawi adalah Juno.

Hera is the goddess of marriage, women, and family in ancient Greek religion, and in myth she is queen among the twelve Olympians and the sister and wife of Zeus. According to the dictionary entry reproduced by Theoi, she was the only really married goddess among the Olympians, and hence goddess of marriage and of the birth of children. In art she appears as a dignified figure enthroned or standing, crowned, holding a royal sceptre or a pomegranate, and her sacred animals include the cow, cuckoo, and peacock. Hera was born to Cronus and Rhea, and her siblings include Hestia, Demeter, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. In Iliad 4 she calls herself the most honoured of Cronos's daughters. With Zeus she is the mother of Ares, Hebe, and Eileithyia. According to Theoi she produced Hephaistos alone and cast him from heaven because he was born crippled, while World History Encyclopedia records another version in which Zeus threw him because of his lameness. Myths about Hera revolve largely around her marriage to Zeus. According to Theoi, Zeus seduced her in the guise of a cuckoo. World History Encyclopedia says Hera was faithful to Zeus but famous for a jealous and vengeful nature aimed at her husband's lovers and their children. The dictionary entry reproduced by Theoi notes that her character in Homer is marked by jealousy, obstinacy, and a quarrelling disposition, that she is far inferior to Zeus in power, and that he once even hung her up in the clouds. Hera is said to punish Zeus's lovers and their children: Leto, Semele, and Alkmene are persecuted; Io is pursued by a gadfly; and Hercules is beset by snakes, madness, and twelve labours. She also struck Tiresias blind, and Ixion was punished with a fiery wheel for trying to violate her. On the other side, she assisted Jason and the Argonauts, and in the Trojan War she sided with the Achaeans out of a grudge against Paris. Hera's cult centred on Argos, which had a sanctuary for her from the mid-8th century BCE according to World History Encyclopedia. In the Iliad, Hera names Argos, Sparta, and Mycenae as the three cities dearest to her. She was also worshipped at Olympia, Tiryns, and Samos, and across Greece the women's competitions called Heraia and annual marriage festivals were held. Her Roman counterpart is Juno.

Konteks budaya

Menurut Theoi, Hera adalah satu-satunya dewi Olimpus yang benar-benar menikah sehingga menjadi dewi perkawinan dan kelahiran anak; World History Encyclopedia mencatat bahwa pemujaannya mencakup perlombaan olahraga perempuan Heraia dan festival pernikahan tahunan di mana pasangan memeragakan ulang pernikahan Zeus dan Hera.

According to Theoi, Hera was the only really married goddess among the Olympians, hence goddess of marriage and childbirth; World History Encyclopedia records that her cult included the women's sporting competitions called Heraia and annual marriage festivals in which couples re-enacted the marriage of Zeus and Hera.

Fakta utama

Budaya / Culture: Mitologi Yunani
Kawasan / Region: Eropa
Negara / Country: Greece
Era: Her name is attested on Linear B tablets of the Mycenaean Greek period found at Pylos and Thebes
Klasifikasi / Classification: Deity
Kemampuan / Abilities: Mengutuk negeri, Menganugerahkan kuasa nubuat, Menghukum dan membalas dendam

Nama lain / Alternate names

Hḗrē, Boōpis

Tahukah kamu? / Did you know?

Menurut World History Encyclopedia, seratus mata Argos si penjaga Io dipasang Hera pada sayap burung merak.

According to World History Encyclopedia, Hera set the 100 eyes of Argos, the guard of Io, on the wings of the peacock.