Apollo

Ἀπόλλων

Ringkasan

Apollo adalah salah satu dewa Olimpus dalam agama dan mitologi Yunani kuno, dengan fungsi cahaya, penyembuhan, nubuat, musik, puisi, dan panahan; putra Zeus dan Leto serta saudara kembar Artemis.

Apollo is one of the Olympian gods of ancient Greek religion and myth, with functions including light, healing, prophecy, music, poetry and archery; son of Zeus and Leto and twin of Artemis.

Kisah dan tradisi

Apollo adalah salah satu dewa Olimpus dalam agama dan mitologi Yunani kuno, dengan fungsi yang mencakup cahaya, penyembuhan, nubuat, musik, puisi, dan panahan. Ia putra Zeus dan Leto serta saudara kembar Artemis, dan menurut World History Encyclopedia ia lahir di Pulau Delos. Menurut theoi.com, ia digambarkan sebagai pemuda tampan tanpa janggut berambut panjang. Busurnya, menurut World History Encyclopedia, dibuat oleh Hephaestus. Sebagai dewa pelindung Delphi (Apollo Pythios), Apollo adalah dewa orakel Delphi dan dewa penyucian ritual, dan nubuatnya sering dimintai petunjuk. Menurut legenda yang dicatat World History Encyclopedia, ia mendirikan orakel itu di tempat ia membunuh ular Python, dan Pythian Games dimulai untuk memperingati kematian makhluk itu. Sumber klasik berbeda soal pemilik orakel sebelumnya: menurut Apollodorus orakel itu milik Themis, sedangkan menurut Hyginus milik Python sendiri. Apollo umumnya dipandang sebagai dewa penolong yang menolak kejahatan, bergelar Alexicacus. Ia membebaskan manusia dari wabah, tetapi juga dapat mendatangkan penyakit dan wabah dengan panahnya; menurut theoi.com, kematian mendadak dipercaya akibat panah Apollo. Dalam Iliad, menurut World History Encyclopedia, ia berpihak kepada bangsa Troya dan membawa wabah kepada bangsa Achaea. Sisi gelapnya juga tampak pada kisah Niobe dan satir Marsyas. Sebagai dewa mousike, Apollo membawahi segala musik, lagu, tari, dan puisi; ia penemu musik dawai dan sering menjadi pendamping para Muse. Menurut World History Encyclopedia, ia memperoleh liranya dari Hermes. Anaknya yang paling terkenal antara lain Orpheus dan Asclepius; Zeus membunuh Asclepius karena menghidupkan kembali seorang manusia fana, dan Apollo membalas dengan membunuh para Kiklops. Dalam seni Yunani kuno Apollo paling sering tampil sebagai pemuda rupawan tanpa janggut dan dikenali dari kithara atau lira, trivet perunggu, rusa, serta busur dan tempat anak panah. Menurut World History Encyclopedia, benda yang dikaitkan dengannya mencakup busur perak dan kithara dari cangkang kura-kura; sumber lain menambahkan pedang, plektrum, dan trivet persembahan sebagai lambang nubuatnya. Ia juga mengawasi upacara inisiasi para pemuda yang memasuki masyarakat warga dan menjadi prajurit. Dalam konteks sastra, Apollo melambangkan keselarasan, keteraturan, dan nalar, yang dikontraskan dengan Dionysus. Ia sering dikaitkan dengan matahari dan Helios, tetapi sumber berbeda soal sejak kapan kaitan itu ada. Menurut tradisi Yunani ia membantu para pemukim mendirikan kota Troya, tetapi kisah ini mungkin mencerminkan pengaruh dari arah sebaliknya, karena teks Het menyebut dewa Asia Kecil bernama Appaliunas atau Apalunas.

Apollo is a god of the Olympian circle in ancient Greek religion and mythology. Light, healing, prophecy, music, poetry and archery all fall within his domains. Zeus and Leto are his parents and Artemis is his twin; the World History Encyclopedia places his birth on the island of Delos. Theoi.com says he was pictured as a handsome youth, beardless and long-haired. The same encyclopedia says his bow was made by Hephaestus. Apollo, patron god of Delphi (Apollo Pythios), is the god of the Delphic oracle and of ritual purification, and people often sought guidance from his oracles. A legend recorded by the World History Encyclopedia says he founded the oracle on the spot where he killed the serpent Python, and that the Pythian games began in memory of that creature. Classical sources disagree about who held the oracle before him: Apollodorus names Themis, while Hyginus says Python held it himself. Apollo was generally regarded as a helper who turns evil away, bearing the title Alexicacus. He rescued people from epidemics, yet his arrows could also bring sickness and plague; theoi.com notes that sudden deaths were believed to come from his arrows. In the Iliad, says the World History Encyclopedia, he takes the Trojan side and sends plague upon the Achaeans. His darker side also shows in the stories of Niobe and the satyr Marsyas. As god of mousike, Apollo presides over every kind of music, song, dance and poetry; he invented string music and often keeps company with the Muses. The World History Encyclopedia says he obtained his lyre from Hermes. Among his best-known children are Orpheus and Asclepius; Zeus killed Asclepius for reviving a mortal, and Apollo took revenge by killing the Cyclopes. In ancient Greek art Apollo most often appears as a handsome beardless youth, recognised by a kithara or lyre, a bronze tripod, a deer, and a bow and quiver. The World History Encyclopedia lists a silver bow and a kithara made from a tortoise shell among his associated objects; a second source adds the sword, the plectrum and the sacrificial tripod as an emblem of his prophetic power. He also oversaw the initiation rites of young men entering the full civic community and becoming warriors. In literary contexts Apollo stands for harmony, order and reason, set against Dionysus. He is often linked with the sun and Helios, though sources differ on how early that link dates. Greek tradition says he helped colonists found the city of Troy, but this may reflect influence running the other way, since Hittite texts mention an Asia Minor god called Appaliunas or Apalunas.

Konteks budaya

Menurut Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology di theoi.com, Apollo beserta pemujaan, festival, dan orakelnya lebih besar pengaruhnya atas orang Yunani daripada dewa lain mana pun. Menurut World History Encyclopedia, ia sangat dicintai kemungkinan besar karena kaitannya dengan musik, puisi, penyucian, penyembuhan, dan pengobatan.

According to the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology on theoi.com, Apollo and his worship, festivals and oracles had more influence on the Greeks than any other god. According to the World History Encyclopedia he was much loved most likely because of his links with music, poetry, purification, healing and medicine.

Fakta utama

Budaya / Culture: Mitologi Yunani
Kawasan / Region: Eropa
Negara / Country: Greece
Era: Known in ancient Greek religion; the Delphic oracle was already well visited in the 8th century BCE.
Klasifikasi / Classification: Deity
Kemampuan / Abilities: Nubuat, Penyembuhan, Panah pembawa wabah, Musik dan puisi

Nama lain / Alternate names

Apollon, Alexicacus, Apollo Pythios, Phoebus Apollo

Tahukah kamu? / Did you know?

Menurut World History Encyclopedia, Apollo konon langsung berubah dari bayi menjadi pria dewasa pada kecapan pertama ambrosia.

According to the World History Encyclopedia, Apollo was said to have changed at once from babe to man at his first taste of ambrosia.