Nezha

哪吒

Nezha
Ilustrasi editorial · interpretasi artistik AI

Ringkasan

Nezha adalah dewa pelindung dalam agama rakyat Tiongkok, Taoisme, dan Buddhisme, yang bergelar Marsekal Altar Tengah, yang juga tampil sebagai tokoh dalam novel Fengshen Yanyi dan Perjalanan ke Barat.

Nezha is a protection deity in Chinese folk religion, Taoism, and Buddhism, with the title Marshal of the Central Altar, who also appears as a character in the novels Fengshen Yanyi and Journey to the West.

Kisah dan tradisi

Nezha adalah dewa pelindung dalam Taoisme, Buddhisme, Konfusianisme, dan agama rakyat Tiongkok. Nama Taoisnya yang resmi adalah Marsekal Altar Tengah, dan setelah menjadi dewa ia diberi gelar Pangeran Ketiga Teratai. Dalam pemujaan rakyat ia juga disebut Pangeran Ketiga. Menurut Meir Shahar, ia telah dimuliakan selama lebih dari seribu tahun. Menurut Meir Shahar, Nezha bermula sebagai makhluk mitologis bernama Nalakūbara dalam epos Sanskerta, dan nama Nezha berasal dari Nalakuvara, yang digambarkan sebagai jenderal yaksa heroik dalam Mahamayuri. Kajian yang sama menyebut ia telah dipuja oleh biksu Buddha, pendeta Dao, dan perantara roh. Novel Perjalanan ke Barat memberi penjelasan lain tentang nama itu: Nezha lahir dengan aksara 'Ne' di telapak tangan kiri dan 'zha' di telapak tangan kanan. Dalam pemujaan, Nezha dianggap dewa pelindung banyak pengemudi profesional karena ia terbang cepat dengan roda angin-api, dan juga dewa pelindung anak-anak dan bakti anak. Orang tua mempersembahkan sesaji kepadanya agar anak mereka tumbuh kuat, sehat, dan berbakti. Shahar menafsirkan bahwa dalam kisahnya, etika Konfusian menuntut dorongan oedipal menyamar sebagai bakti anak. Dalam novel Fengshen Yanyi dari zaman Dinasti Ming, Nezha adalah putra Li Jing yang lahir dari bola daging setelah dikandung lebih dari tiga tahun, dan merupakan penjelmaan Lingzhu Zi. Saat mandi di Sungai Jiuwan ia membunuh yaksa Li Gen dan putra Raja Naga, Ao Bing, lalu mengembalikan daging dan tulangnya kepada orang tuanya. Rohnya pergi ke Gunung Qianyuan; ia dipuja di sebuah kuil di Gunung Cuiping hingga Li Jing menghancurkannya, lalu Taiyi Zhenren membangkitkannya dalam tubuh teratai. Ia lalu menyerang Li Jing untuk membalas dendam hingga seorang Daois mengurungnya dengan pagoda, dan Li Jing menjadi Raja Langit Pembawa Pagoda. Dalam novel Perjalanan ke Barat dari zaman Dinasti Ming, Nezha tampil sebagai Pangeran Ketiga yang bersama ayahnya, Raja Langit Li Jing, diangkat untuk menaklukkan Sun Wukong. Ia berubah menjadi bertiga kepala berenam lengan dan memegang enam senjata. Kisah asalnya diceritakan berbeda: Buddha, bukan Taiyi Zhenren, yang menghidupkannya kembali, dan pagoda diberikan Rulai kepada sang ayah. Penggambaran dalam novel ini adalah tokoh sastra, terpisah dari praktik pemujaan rakyat.

Across Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism, Nezha is a protective deity. The Taoist tradition officially names him Marshal of the Central Altar, and once he became a deity he received the title Third Lotus Prince. In popular worship he is also called the Third Prince. According to Meir Shahar, he has been celebrated for over a millennium. According to Meir Shahar, Nezha began as a mythological being named Nalakūbara in the Sanskrit epics, and the name Nezha derives from Nalakuvara, portrayed as a heroic yaksha general in the Mahamayuri. The same study says he has been venerated by Buddhist monks, Daoist priests, and spirit mediums. The novel Journey to the West gives a different explanation of the name: Nezha was born with the character 'Ne' on his left palm and 'zha' on his right palm. In worship, Nezha is regarded as the tutelary god of many professional drivers because he flies swiftly on his wind-fire wheels, and also as the patron god of children and filial piety. Parents make offerings to him so that their children will grow up strong, healthy, and dutiful. Shahar interprets his story as one in which Confucian ethics require the oedipal drive to masquerade as filial piety. In the novel Fengshen Yanyi of the Ming dynasty, Nezha is Li Jing's son, born from a ball of flesh after more than three years' gestation, and an incarnation of Lingzhu Zi. While bathing in the Jiuwan River he kills the yaksha Li Gen and the Dragon King's son Ao Bing, then returns his flesh and bones to his parents. His spirit goes to Mount Qianyuan; he is worshiped at a shrine on Mount Cuiping until Li Jing destroys it, and Taiyi Zhenren then raises him in a lotus body. He then attacks Li Jing in revenge until a Daoist traps him in a pagoda, and Li Jing becomes the Pagoda-Bearing Heavenly King. In the novel Journey to the West of the Ming dynasty, Nezha appears as the Third Prince who, with his father the Heavenly King Li Jing, is appointed to subdue Sun Wukong. He transforms into a three-headed, six-armed figure holding six weapons. His origin story is told differently: the Buddha, not Taiyi Zhenren, revives him, and the pagoda is given to the father by the Tathagata. This novel portrayal is a literary characterization, separate from the practice of folk worship.

Konteks budaya

Dalam pemujaan, Nezha dianggap pelindung pengemudi profesional serta anak-anak dan bakti anak; orang tua mempersembahkan sesaji agar anak mereka tumbuh kuat, sehat, dan berbakti. Shahar menyebut kisahnya mengungkap ketegangan tersembunyi dalam sistem keluarga Tiongkok.

In worship, Nezha is regarded as protector of professional drivers and of children and filial piety; parents make offerings so that their children grow up strong, healthy, and dutiful. Shahar says his story uncovers hidden tensions in the Chinese family system.

Fakta utama

Budaya / Culture
Mitologi Tiongkok
Kawasan / Region
Asia Timur
Negara / Country
China
Era
According to one study, his origins can be traced to a figure of the Sanskrit epics of the first centuries BCE; in literature, a character in novels of the Ming dynasty.
Klasifikasi / Classification
Deity
Kemampuan / Abilities
Terbang dengan roda angin-api, Pusaka Qiankun Quan dan Huntian Ling, Tiga kepala enam lengan, Dibangkitkan dalam tubuh teratai, Menaklukkan gua-gua siluman

Nama lain / Alternate names

哪吒太子, Natha, 中壇元帥, 蓮花三太子, 三太子, Nazha (那吒)

Tahukah kamu? / Did you know?

Menurut Wikipedia, alur bahwa Ao Guang menuntut anak-anak sebagai korban dan mengancam membanjiri Chentang Pass hanya ditemukan dalam film 1979 Nezha Conquers the Dragon King, bukan dalam novel Fengshen Yanyi.

According to Wikipedia, the plot in which Ao Guang demands children as sacrifices and threatens to flood Chentang Pass is found only in the 1979 film Nezha Conquers the Dragon King, not in the novel Fengshen Yanyi.

Makhluk terkait / Related beings

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