Dionysus

Ringkasan

Dionysus adalah dewa Olimpus dalam mitologi Yunani yang dikaitkan dengan anggur, tumbuhan, perayaan, kegilaan ritual, dan teater.

Dionysus is an Olympian god in Greek mythology associated with wine, vegetation, festivity, ritual madness, and theatre.

Kisah dan tradisi

Dionysus adalah dewa Olimpus yang dikaitkan dengan anggur, tumbuhan, kesenangan, perayaan, kegilaan, dan frenzi liar. Dalam seni ia dapat tampil sebagai sosok tua berjanggut atau pemuda berambut panjang, dengan tongkat thyrsos, cawan minum, dan mahkota ivy. Hal-hal yang suci baginya mencakup anggur, ivy, laurel, dan asphodel, juga lumba-lumba, ular, harimau, lynx, macan tutul, dan keledai; domba jantan adalah hewan yang paling sering dikurbankan kepadanya. Seni Yunani juga mengenalinya lewat kantharos atau tanduk minum dan kadang kulit macan tutul. Menurut tradisi umum, ia putra Zeus dan Semele; sumber lain menyebut ibunya Demeter, Io, Dione, atau Arge. Dalam satu kisah kelahiran, Semele meninggal sebelum melahirkan dan Zeus membawa janinnya di pahanya. Para pengasuh masa kecilnya disebut berbeda-beda, antara lain satir, nimfa, dan Silenus di Gunung Nysa. Dalam kisah lain, Hera membuatnya gila hingga ia mengembara ke banyak negeri, dan kemudian Hera memastikan ia menjadi dewa Olimpus penuh. Kisah mistik menyebut para Titan mencincang tubuhnya lalu Rhea atau Demeter memulihkannya, dan ia membawa ibunya keluar dari Hades naik ke Olimpus. Dionysus digambarkan membalas mereka yang menolak pemujaannya. Lycurgus dibuat gila dan negerinya berhenti berbuah, sedangkan Pentheus dicabik oleh ibunya sendiri yang kalap. Dalam kisah bajak laut, ia berubah menjadi singa, dan para pelaut yang melompat ke laut menjadi lumba-lumba. Ia juga disebut memberi Midas satu permintaan, membatalkannya ketika emas menjadi bencana, dan menikahi Ariadne di Naxos. Kultusnya menjadi bagian penting agama Yunani di Athena sejak abad ke-6 SM, dan Naxos adalah tempat suci yang penting. Karena drama Yunani tumbuh dari paduan suara pada festivalnya, ia dipandang sebagai dewa tragedi dan pelindung teater. Dalam puisi Homeros ia tidak tampil sebagai dewa besar. Bangsa Romawi mengenalnya sebagai Bacchus.

Dionysus is an Olympian god associated with wine, vegetation, pleasure, festivity, madness, and wild frenzy. In art he may appear as an older bearded god or a long-haired youth, with a thyrsos staff, a drinking cup, and a crown of ivy. Things sacred to him include the vine, ivy, laurel, and asphodel, as well as the dolphin, serpent, tiger, lynx, panther, and ass; a ram was the animal most commonly sacrificed to him. Greek art also identifies him by a kantharos or drinking-horn and sometimes a panther pelt. According to the common tradition he is the son of Zeus and Semele; other sources name his mother as Demeter, Io, Dione, or Arge. In one birth story, Semele died before delivery and Zeus carried the unborn child in his thigh. His childhood carers are named differently, including satyrs, nymphs, and Silenus on Mt. Nysa. In another story Hera drove him mad so that he wandered through many countries, and later Hera ensured he became a full Olympian god. A mystical story says the Titans cut up his body and Rhea or Demeter restored him, and he led his mother out of Hades up to Olympus. Dionysus is shown punishing those who refused his worship. Lycurgus was driven mad and his country ceased to bear fruit, while Pentheus was torn to pieces by his own mother in Bacchic fury. In the pirate story he changed into a lion, and sailors who leapt into the sea became dolphins. He is also said to have granted Midas a wish, reversed it when the gold became a disaster, and to have married Ariadne at Naxos. His cult became a significant part of Greek religion in Athens from the 6th century BCE, and Naxos was an important sanctuary. Because Greek drama grew out of choruses at his festivals, he was regarded as the god of tragedy and protector of theatres. In the Homeric poems he does not appear as one of the great divinities. The Romans knew him as Bacchus.

Konteks budaya

Dionysus dipandang sebagai dewa anggur, penemu dan pengajar budi dayanya, pemberi kegembiraan, dan penghalau duka. Teater diyakini tumbuh dari ritual pemujaannya, tempat para peserta dan aktor sama-sama melampaui pribadi mereka.

Ancient writers saw Dionysus as the god of wine who invented its cultivation and taught it to people, who gave joy and drove away grief and sorrow. Theatre is believed to have grown out of his worship, in which participants and actors alike transcend their own persona.

Fakta utama

Budaya / Culture: Mitologi Yunani
Kawasan / Region: Eropa
Klasifikasi / Classification: Deity
Kemampuan / Abilities: Berubah wujud, Menimbulkan kegilaan, Mengubah manusia menjadi lumba-lumba, Menyingkapkan masa depan, Menyembuhkan lewat mimpi, Membalikkan anugerahnya

Nama lain / Alternate names

Bacchus, Bakchos

Tahukah kamu? / Did you know?

Menurut Himne Homerik VII, ketika para bajak laut membawa Dionysus ke kapal, anggur manis mengalir di seluruh kapal dan ikatan mereka tidak dapat menahannya.

According to Homeric Hymn 7, when pirates took Dionysus aboard their ship, sweet wine streamed throughout the ship and their bonds could not hold him.