Saturn

Ringkasan

Saturnus adalah dewa Romawi pertanian, waktu, dan kelimpahan, yang dipadankan dengan Cronus dari Yunani dan dihormati dalam perayaan Saturnalia.

Saturn is the Roman god of agriculture, time, and abundance, associated with the Greek Cronus and honored at the festival of Saturnalia.

Kisah dan tradisi

Saturnus adalah dewa Romawi yang dihubungkan dengan Cronus dari mitologi Yunani. Ia digambarkan sebagai dewa waktu, generasi, peluruhan, kelimpahan, kekayaan, pertanian, pembaruan berkala, dan pembebasan, dan dalam seni sering tampil membawa sabit. Wikipedia mencatat bahwa ia juga digambarkan berkerudung, misalnya pada lukisan dinding dari Pompeii, sedangkan Virgil menyebut Saturnus tua dengan sabit bengkoknya di antara para leluhur yang berbaris. Menurut legenda Romawi, Saturnus menetap di Latium dan memerintah dengan bijak pada zaman keemasan yang damai dan makmur. Ia mengajarkan prinsip dasar bertani dan menanam anggur serta membantu penduduk meninggalkan adat 'barbar'. Dalam Aeneid karya Virgil (terjemahan Dryden), ia datang setelah melarikan diri dari kuasa Jove dan membawa hukum serta adat sipil bagi orang-orang yang tersebar di bukit. Tradisi mengenai asal Saturnus berbeda-beda. Menurut satu tradisi ia dewa pendatang yang diterima Janus setelah digulingkan putranya, Jupiter, dan diusir dari Yunani; menurut mitos lain ia penguasa asli Capitolium. Kuil Saturnus di kaki Bukit Capitoline menyimpan kas negara dan catatan Senat. Posisi perayaannya dalam kalender Romawi membuatnya dikaitkan dengan konsep waktu, terutama peralihan Tahun Baru. Saturnalia, perayaan yang dinamai menurut namanya, dirayakan pada Desember dan menjadi hari libur paling populer dalam tahun Romawi. Pada perayaan itu orang bertukar hadiah berupa lilin atau patung tanah liat kecil, dan budak serta tuan bertukar peran untuk sementara. Perayaan itu bertahan ke era Kristen dengan nama Brumalia.

Saturn is a Roman god associated with Cronus of Greek mythology. Sources describe him as a god of time, generation, dissolution, abundance, wealth, agriculture, renewal and liberation, and in art he is often shown with a scythe. Wikipedia notes that he was also represented veiled, for example in a wall painting from Pompeii, while Virgil mentions old Saturn with his crooked scythe among ranked ancestors. According to Roman legend, Saturn settled in Latium and ruled wisely during a golden age of peace and prosperity. He taught the basic principles of farming and viticulture and helped the locals give up their 'barbaric' customs. In Virgil's Aeneid (Dryden's translation), he came after fleeing the power of Jove and brought laws and civil customs to men scattered over the hills. Traditions about Saturn's origin differ. According to one tradition he was an immigrant god received by Janus after being usurped by his son Jupiter and expelled from Greece; according to another myth he was the original ruler of the Capitolium. His temple at the foot of the Capitoline Hill housed the state treasury and the Senate's records. The festival's place in the Roman calendar tied him to concepts of time, especially the turn of the New Year. The Saturnalia, the festival named after him, was held in December and was the most popular holiday of the Roman year. People exchanged gifts, usually candles or pottery figurines, and slaves and masters temporarily reversed roles. The festival survived into the Christian era under the name Brumalia.

Konteks budaya

Saturnalia adalah perayaan saat pembatasan sosial dilonggarkan, dan arca Saturnus yang kakinya diikat wol sepanjang tahun dilepaskan pada perayaan itu sebagai lambang pembebasan sang dewa. Menurut H. S. Versnel, ketidakkonsistenan seperti menjadi pendatang tetapi memiliki salah satu tempat suci tertua Roma, atau menjadi dewa pembebasan yang dibelenggu sepanjang tahun, menunjukkan kemampuan Saturnus mengaburkan pembedaan sosial.

The Saturnalia was a festival at which social restrictions were relaxed, and the statue of Saturn, whose feet were bound in wool through the year, was loosened on the festival as a symbol of the god's liberation. H. S. Versnel reads contradictions in the god, being a foreigner yet holding one of Rome's oldest sanctuaries and being a god of liberation kept in fetters for most of the year, as signs of his capacity to blur social distinctions.

Fakta utama

Budaya / Culture: Tradisi Romawi kuno
Kawasan / Region: Eropa
Klasifikasi / Classification: Deity
Kemampuan / Abilities: Wilayah kekuasaan, Mengajarkan pertanian, Pemegang petir, Sabit, Membawa peradaban

Nama lain / Alternate names

Saturnus

Tahukah kamu? / Did you know?

Hari Sabtu (Saturday) dan planet keenam dari Matahari sama-sama dinamai menurut Saturnus.

Saturday and the sixth planet from the sun are both named after Saturn.