Ravana
Ringkasan
Ravana adalah raja rakshasa Lanka yang lazim digambarkan berkepala sepuluh.
Ravana is the rakshasa king of Lanka traditionally depicted with ten heads.
Kisah dan tradisi
Ravana adalah raja rakshasa Lanka yang lazim digambarkan berkepala sepuluh. Ia disebut putra Vishrava dan Kaikasi. Ia menculik Sita dan menahannya di Ashoka Vatika. Rama melawannya dengan dukungan Sugriva dan pasukan vanara lalu membunuhnya. Kekalahannya diperingati dengan pembakaran patung Ravana pada Dussehra. Ravana dipandang sebagai pemuja Shiva. Ia juga hadir dalam Lankavatara Sutra, Jataka Buddha, dan Ramayana Jain. Nama Ravana diterangkan berarti mengaum. Gelar Dashanana berarti yang berkepala sepuluh. Nama lainnya mencakup Lankapati dan Lankeshwara. Brahma memberinya anugerah kebal terhadap ciptaannya kecuali manusia dalam cerita. Anugerah Brahma juga mencakup senjata, kereta, dan kemampuan berganti wujud. Mandodari, putri Maya, disebut sebagai ratu utamanya. Mackenzie menggambarkan Rama sebagai pembunuh Ravana yang menindas manusia dalam Ramayana. Adegan koleksi Museum Carlos menggambarkan Ravana membawa Sita dari pertapaannya di hutan. Dalam terjemahan syair Ramayana oleh Griffith, para dewa berdoa kepada Brahma bahwa Ravan, penguasa kaum raksasa, menyiksa mereka dan para resi dalam kesombongannya, dan mengingatkan anugerah yang membuatnya berani: dewa maupun iblis tidak akan membunuh nyawanya yang terlindung. Jawaban atas doa itu menyatakan bahwa si raksasa yang congkak tidak memedulikan manusia yang terlahir dari perempuan, sehingga hanya manusia yang dapat membunuhnya. Keterangan sebuah karya koleksi Museum Carlos menceritakan penculikan Sita. Setelah saudarinya dilukai, Ravana merancang balas dendam; Maricha, saudara Ravana, menjelma kijang emas dan melompat melewati pertapaan Rama. Sita meminta Rama membunuh kijang itu, lalu Rama menyuruh Lakshmana menjaga Sita. Ketika Lakshmana tertipu oleh seruan minta tolong dengan suara Rama, Ravana memanfaatkan kesempatan itu untuk menculik Sita. Menurut Wikipedia, Ravana digambarkan berkepala sepuluh, kadang sembilan karena ia memotong satu kepala untuk meyakinkan Shiva, dan dilukiskan sebagai pengikut Shiva yang taat, sarjana besar, penguasa cakap, serta ahli veena. Citra Ravananugraha dari masa Gupta memperlihatkan Ravana di bawah Gunung Kailash memainkan veena dari kepala dan tangannya sementara Shiva dan Parvati duduk di puncak. Menurut kitab, ia pernah mencoba mengangkat Kailash hingga Shiva menjepitnya di bawah gunung; selama seribu tahun ia menyanyikan Shiva Tandava Stotra hingga diberkati. Wikipedia mencatat bahwa kisah ini nyaris tidak punya bukti dalam Ramayana Valmiki. Dalam Bhagavata Purana, Ravana dan saudaranya Kumbhakarna dikatakan penjelmaan Jaya dan Vijaya, penjaga gerbang Vaikuntha yang dikutuk lahir di bumi. Dalam Jainisme, Rama dan Ravana sama-sama penganut Jain, Ravana adalah raja Vidyadhara, dan yang akhirnya membunuhnya adalah Lakshmana, bukan Rama. Ravana dipuja sebagai salah satu pengikut Shiva yang paling dihormati, dan suku Gondi di India tengah mengaku keturunannya serta memiliki kuil untuknya, Mandodari, dan Meghnad.
Ravana is the rakshasa king of Lanka traditionally depicted with ten heads. He is described as the son of Vishrava and Kaikasi. He abducts Sita and holds her in Ashoka Vatika. Rama fights him with Sugriva and the vanara army's support and kills him. His defeat is commemorated by burning Ravana effigies at Dussehra. Ravana is regarded as a devotee of Shiva. He also appears in the Lankavatara Sutra, Buddhist Jatakas, and Jain Ramayanas. The name Ravana is explained as meaning roaring. The epithet Dashanana means the one with ten heads. His other names include Lankapati and Lankeshwara. Brahma grants him immunity against his creations except humans in the story. Brahma's gifts also include weapons, a chariot, and shapeshifting. Mandodari, Maya's daughter, is described as his chief queen. Mackenzie describes Rama as the slayer of Ravana who oppresses humans in the Ramayana. The Carlos Museum collection scene depicts Ravana carrying Sita from her forest hermitage. In Griffith's verse translation of the Ramayana, the gods pray to Brahma that Ravan, who rules the giant race, torments them and the saints in his pride, and they recall the boon that makes him bold: neither god nor demon should kill his charmed life. The reply to that prayer states that the proud giant took no account of man born of woman, so that only a man may slay him. The description of a work in the Carlos Museum collection tells the abduction of Sita. After his sister is mutilated, Ravana plots revenge; Maricha, described as Ravana's brother, appears as a golden deer near Rama's hermitage. Sita asks Rama to kill the deer, and Rama instructs Lakshmana to watch over Sita. When Lakshmana is fooled by a cry for help in Rama's voice, Ravana seizes the opportunity to abduct Sita. According to Wikipedia, Ravana is shown with ten heads, sometimes nine because he cut one off to convince Shiva, and is portrayed as a pious devotee of Shiva, a learned man, an able king, and a master of the veena. The Ravananugraha image from the Gupta era shows Ravana beneath Mount Kailash playing a veena of his head and hands while Shiva and Parvati sit on top. According to scriptures he once tried to lift Kailash until Shiva trapped him beneath the mountain; for a thousand years he sang the Shiva Tandava Stotra until he was blessed. Wikipedia notes that this incident has little to no evidence in the Valmiki Ramayana. The Bhagavata Purana presents Ravana and his brother Kumbhakarna as rebirths of Jaya and Vijaya, doorkeepers of Vaikuntha who were condemned to be born on Earth. In Jainism, Rama and Ravana were both Jains, Ravana was a Vidyadhara king, and it was Lakshmana, not Rama, who ultimately killed him. Ravana is venerated as one of the most honoured devotees of Shiva, and the Gondi people of central India claim descent from him and have temples for him, Mandodari, and Meghnad.
Konteks budaya
Kekalahannya diperingati pada Dussehra.
His defeat is commemorated at Dussehra.
Fakta utama
- Budaya / Culture
- Tradisi Hindu
- Kawasan / Region
- Asia Selatan
- Klasifikasi / Classification
- Demon
- Kemampuan / Abilities
- Berganti wujud
Nama lain / Alternate names
Lankapati, Lankeshwara, Dashanana